The vulnerability lies in the REST API endpoints of the global-build-stats plugin, which lacked permission checks. This allowed users with only 'Overall/Read' permission to access and enumerate graph IDs, which should have been restricted to administrators. The provided patch addresses this by adding permission checks to the doJson, doPython, and doXml methods within the GlobalBuildStatsApi class. The change involves inserting Jenkins.get().checkPermission(getRequiredPermission()); at the beginning of these methods. This ensures that only users with the appropriate permissions (in this case, Hudson.ADMINISTER) can access these API endpoints, effectively closing the information disclosure vulnerability.