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CVE-2025-54424

CVE-2025-54424: 1Panel agent certificate verification bypass leading to arbitrary command execution

Project Address: Project Address 1Panel

Official website: https://www.1panel.cn/

Time: 2025 07 26

Version: 1panel V2.0.5

Vulnerability Summary

First, we introduce the concepts of 1panel v2 Core and Agent. After the new version is released, 1panel adds the node management function, which allows you to control other hosts by adding nodes.
The HTTPS protocol used for communication between the Core and Agent sides did not fully verify the authenticity of the certificate during certificate verification, resulting in unauthorized interfaces. The presence of a large number of command execution or high-privilege interfaces in the 1panel led to RCE.

Code audit process

First we go to the Agent HTTP routing fileagent/init/router/router.go

It was found that the Routersreference function in the function Certificatewas globally checked.agent/middleware/certificate.go

The discovery Certificatefunction determines c.Request.TLS.HandshakeCompletewhether certificate communication has been performed

Since c.Request.TLS.HandshakeCompletethe true or false judgment is determined by agent/server/server.gothe code Startfunctiontls.RequireAnyClientCert

Note:：Here due to the use of tls.RequireAnyClientCert instead of tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert，RequireAnyClientCert Only require the client to provide a certificate，Does not verify the issuance of certificates CA，So any self assigned certificate will pass TLS handshake。

The subsequent Certificatefunction only verified that the CN field of the certificate was panel_client, without verifying the certificate issuer. Finally, it was discovered that the WebSocket connection could bypass Proxy-ID verification.

Process WebSocket interface (based on the above questions, all processes and other sensitive information can be obtained) routing address: /process/ws the request format is as follows

{
  "type": "ps",           // 数据类型: ps(进程), ssh(SSH会话), net(网络连接), wget(下载进度)
  "pid": 123,             // 可选，指定进程ID进行筛选
  "name": "process_name", // 可选，根据进程名筛选
  "username": "user"      // 可选，根据用户名筛选
}

Terminal SSH WebSocket interface (according to the above problem, any command can be executed) routing address: /hosts/terminal the request format is as follows

{
  "type": "cmd",
  "data": "d2hvYW1pCg=="  // "whoami" 的base64编码，记住不要忘记回车。
}

Container Terminal WebSocket interface (container execution command interface) routing address:/containers/terminal
File Download Process WebSocket interface (automatically push download progress information) routing address:/files/wget/process

Attack process

First generate a fake certificate openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout panel_client.key -out panel_client.crt -days 365 -nodes -subj "/CN=panel_client"
Then use the certificate to request verification. If the websocket interface is successfully connected, there is a vulnerability.

(GitHub Advisory)

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CVE-2025-54424

CVE-2025-54424:

8.1

CVSS Score

3.1

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Technical Details

Package Name	Ecosystem	Vulnerable Versions	First Patched Version
github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/core	go	>= 1.0.0, < 2.0.6	2.0.6
github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/core	go	< 0.0.0-20250730021757-04b9cbd87a15	0.0.0-20250730021757-04b9cbd87a15

Technical Details

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Root Cause Analysis

The vulnerability is an improper certificate validation issue in the 1Panel agent, which allows an attacker to bypass authentication and execute arbitrary commands. The root cause is in the server.Start function, where the TLS server was configured with tls.RequireAnyClientCert. This setting only requires a client to present a certificate but doesn't validate it against a trusted Certificate Authority (CA), allowing an attacker to use a self-signed certificate.

This initial TLS-level weakness was compounded by a flawed application-level check in the middleware.Certificate function. This middleware only checked if the certificate's Common Name (CN) was panel_client, a condition that is trivial for an attacker to satisfy in a self-signed certificate. Once the weak authentication is bypassed, the attacker gains access to sensitive API endpoints, including WebSocket interfaces for terminal access (/hosts/terminal, /containers/terminal), leading to remote code execution.

The patch addresses the vulnerability comprehensively. First, it changes the TLS client authentication policy in server.Start to tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert, which enforces strict validation against a trusted CA. Second, it removes the weak CN check from the middleware.Certificate function. The combination of these changes ensures that only clients with valid, trusted certificates can communicate with the agent.

Vulnerable functions

Only Mi**o us*rs **n s** t*is s**tion

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WAF Protection Rules

WAF Rule

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Reasoning

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8.1

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Concerned about an active attack path?

CVE-2025-54424: 1Panel agent certificate verification bypass leading to arbitrary command execution

Project Address: Project Address 1Panel

Official website: https://www.1panel.cn/

Time: 2025 07 26

Version: 1panel V2.0.5

Vulnerability Summary

Code audit process

Attack process

CVE-2025-54424:

8.1

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Technical Details

Technical Details

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Vulnerable functions

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8.1

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Basic Information

Basic Information

CVE-2025-54424: 1Panel agent certificate verification bypass leading to arbitrary command execution

Project Address: Project Address 1Panel

Official website: https://www.1panel.cn/

Time: 2025 07 26

Version: 1panel V2.0.5

Vulnerability Summary

Code audit process

Attack process

Vulnerability IntelligenceMiggo AI

Root Cause Analysis

Vulnerable functions

Technical Details

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Vulnerability Intelligence
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