7.3

CVSS Score

3.1

-

CVSS Score

Basic Information

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CVE-2025-46701

CVE-2025-46701: Apache Tomcat - CGI security constraint bypass

Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity vulnerability in Apache Tomcat's GCI servlet allows security constraint bypass of security constraints that apply to the pathInfo component of a URI mapped to the CGI servlet.

This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.6, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.40, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.104.

Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.7, 10.1.41 or 9.0.105, which fixes the issue.

(GitHub Advisory)

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CVE-2025-46701

CVE-2025-46701:

7.3

CVSS Score

3.1

-

CVSS Score

Basic Information

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Technical Details

Package Name	Ecosystem	Vulnerable Versions	First Patched Version
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina	maven	>= 9.0.0.M1, < 9.0.105	9.0.105
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina	maven	>= 10.1.0-M1, < 10.1.41	10.1.41
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina	maven	>= 11.0.0-M1, < 11.0.7	11.0.7
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core	maven	>= 9.0.0.M1, < 9.0.105	9.0.105
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core	maven	>= 10.1.0-M1, < 10.1.41	10.1.41
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core	maven	>= 11.0.0-M1, < 11.0.7	11.0.7

Technical Details

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Root Cause Analysis

The root cause of the vulnerability (CVE-2025-46701) is the improper handling of case sensitivity in Apache Tomcat's CGI servlet when processing the pathInfo component of a URI. This allows an attacker to bypass security constraints that are applied case-sensitively. The findCGI method, in its various implementations before the final patch, was responsible for resolving the pathInfo to an actual CGI script on the server.

Initially, findCGI (often within an inner class CGIServlet$CGIEnvironment) used direct file system operations (java.io.File). On many common operating systems, file system lookups are case-insensitive or case-preserving. This meant that a pathInfo like /cgi-bin/SCRIPT.pl could bypass a security rule for /cgi-bin/script.pl but still resolve to the same script file, leading to a security constraint bypass.

Later refactoring efforts changed findCGI to use ServletContext.getResource() and ServletContext.getRealPath(). However, these methods also did not guarantee strict case-sensitive behavior consistent with how security constraints might be defined or enforced, allowing the vulnerability to persist. An attacker could still use a pathInfo with an alternative casing to bypass constraints while the servlet successfully located the script.

The provided patches show the transition from these vulnerable mechanisms to a more secure approach using the WebResource API. This API allows for more precise control and understanding of resource characteristics, including canonical paths and whether a resource is a file or directory, effectively mitigating the case sensitivity ambiguity. The vulnerable functions identified are the specific findCGI implementations that exhibited these flawed path resolution behaviors.

Vulnerable functions

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WAF Rule

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Reasoning

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