The vulnerability description explicitly mentions that the race condition occurs in builder/builder-next/adapters/snapshot/layer.go when the EnsureLayer function is called concurrently. The provided commit 37545cc644344dcb576cba67eb7b6f51a463d31e shows that a locking mechanism (s.layerCreateLocker.Lock(key) and defer s.layerCreateLocker.Unlock(key)) was added to the EnsureLayer function. This directly confirms that EnsureLayer was the function lacking proper synchronization, making it vulnerable to the described race condition. The changes in snapshot.go are supportive, initializing the locker used in EnsureLayer.
The commit message also confirms this: "When this was called concurrently from the moby image exporter there could be a data race where a layer was written to the refs map when it was already there. In that case the reference count got mixed up and on release only one of these layers was actually released." This clearly points to EnsureLayer as the site of the race condition due to missing locks, which were added in this patch.