CVE-2019-0232 identifies a critical command injection vulnerability in Apache Tomcat's CGI Servlet that enables remote code execution on Windows systems when enableCmdLineArguments is enabled. This vulnerability affects Apache Tomcat versions 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.17, 8.5.0 through 8.5.39, and 7.0.0 through 7.0.93, achieving a CVSS score of 8.1 (High severity) with an EPSS score of 99.9 percentile and 94.2% exploitation probability, indicating extremely high risk and widespread exploitation potential. The vulnerability details reveal that the flaw stems from improper handling of command line arguments by the Java Runtime Environment when executing batch files on Windows, where different quoting rules between CommandLineToArgvW and cmd.exe interpretation enable command interpolation attacks through the CGI Servlet. This creates substantial exploit risk for Windows-based Java web applications using Apache Tomcat with CGI functionality enabled, particularly affecting enterprise environments, development servers, and legacy applications that rely on CGI scripts for dynamic content generation and external program execution. The technical root cause lies in Apache Tomcat's CGI Servlet implementation, which fails to properly validate and sanitize command line arguments before passing them to Windows CreateProcess() calls, classified as CWE-78 (OS Command Injection), creating a vector for known exploited vulnerabilities targeting Windows-specific command execution mechanisms. The vulnerability specifically exploits the interaction between JRE command line argument processing and Windows batch file execution, where attackers can craft malicious input that bypasses normal argument quoting to inject arbitrary commands during CGI script execution. With public exploits available and affecting core Tomcat components like org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core, this vulnerability represents a significant threat to Windows-based Java web deployments. Mitigation strategies require upgrading to patched Apache Tomcat versions 9.0.19, 8.5.40, or 7.0.94 and later, which implement proper input validation for CGI command line arguments and address the Windows-specific quoting vulnerabilities. Organizations should prioritize identifying all Windows-based Tomcat deployments with CGI functionality, disable CGI support where not required (disabled by default), set enableCmdLineArguments to false as an immediate workaround, and maintain updated CVE database records to track similar command injection vulnerabilities that could compromise Windows server security through unsafe external program execution and command line argument processing in Java web applications.